History of the Artificial Heart

The first artificial heart for humans was invented and patented in the 1950s, but it wasnt until 1982 that a working artificial heart, the Jarvik-7, was successfully implanted in a human patient.   Early Milestones As with many medical innovations, the first artificial heart was implanted in an animal -- in this case, a dog. Soviet scientist Vladimir Demikhov, a pioneer in the field of organ transplantation, implanted an artificial heart into a dog in 1937. (It wasnt Demikhovs most famous work, however — today he is mostly remembered for performing head transplants on dogs.) Interestingly, the first patented artificial heart was invented by American Paul Winchell, whose primary occupation was as a ventriloquist and comedian. Winchell also had some medical training and was assisted in his endeavor by Henry Heimlich, who is remembered for the emergency choking treatment that bears his name. His creation was never actually put into use. The Liotta-Cooley artificial heart was implanted into a patient in 1969 as a stopgap measure; it was replaced with a donors heart a few days later, but the patient died soon thereafter.   The Jarvik 7   The Jarvik-7 heart was developed by American scientist Robert Jarvik and his mentor, Willem Kolff.   In 1982, Seattle dentist Dr. Barney Clark was the first person implanted with the Jarvik-7, the first artificial heart intended to last a lifetime. William DeVries, an American cardiothoracic surgeon, performed the surgery. The patient survived 112 days. It has been hard, but the heart itself has pumped right along, Clark said in the months following his history-making surgery. Subsequent iterations of the artificial heart have seen further success; the second patient to receive the Jarvik-7, for instance, lived for 620 days after implantation. People want a normal life, and just being alive is not good enough, Jarvik has said.   Despite these advances, less than two thousand artificial hearts have been implanted, and the procedure is generally used as a bridge until a donor heart can be secured. Today, the most common artificial heart is the SynCardia temporary Total Artificial Heart, accounting for 96% of all artificial heart transplants. And it doesnt come cheap, with a price tag of around $125,000.

The Gift of Fear - 1375 Words

â€Å"The Gift Of Fear,† a psychology book written by Gavin De Becker, is an extremely useful and informative read. It gives valuable advice about how to act upon human intuition, how to recognize threats, and defines what real fear is and it’s purpose. I found the book to be extremely interesting. This book provided me with a sense of understanding on violence and fear and I feel much better prepared when it comes to recognizing dangerous situations. My favorite part of the book was the warning signs to know when a stranger is a potential threat. This was fascinating to me because I’ve been told since I was just a little boy to beware of strangers. But with all these warnings about strangers I had never been told how to recognize when a†¦show more content†¦When a person gets that â€Å"gut feeling† that something just isn’t right, it should never be ignored. Our natural human intuition is giving us that â€Å"gut feeling† for a reason. And that sensation of danger can save lives. One example of how human intuition works was given in the book; a man walked into a convenience store, had a gut feeling he needed to get out of there, left, and found out later that day the convenience store had been robbed and the cashier had been shot and killed. This seemingly random feeling of danger that spared this mans life was not random at all. His intuition let him know to have fear because the cashier loo ked as if he was fearful when the man walked into the store and also there was a second nervous looking customer wearing a long concealing jacket while it was hot outside. His intuition let him know that there was a potentially dangerous situation even if he wasn’t looking for the signs that were there. This applies to my life because everybody can experience these â€Å"gut feelings† from human intuition; I know now to act upon them and to never ignore them because they have the capability to save your life. One thing I learned about fear is that it can basically act for us. With fear humans can make critical decisions that they wouldn’t dare make without fear edging them on. A story that particularly shocked me was the story of a young woman named Kelly. She followed herShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Prometheus, Pandora, And Io1400 Words   |  6 Pagesonly the mortal will be punished. This hardship and suffering of humans in Greek mythology were caused by the g ods and goddesses. The god’s fear of competition in Greek Mythology cause human suffering. (Topic sentence) In the story of Prometheus, his brother and him are in charge of creating human kind. His brother Epimetheus gives the animal kingdom the gift of fur, wings, shells, and so forth. Once there is nothing left for the humans, Epimetheus looks to Prometheus for help. Prometheus gives theRead MoreMy Spiritual And Discipleship Condition Essay1600 Words   |  7 Pagesmyself, my biggest weakness would be my fear and anxiety. 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Impact of il Price on AS curve of Oil Importing Countries

Question: Discuss the impact of oil price on AS curve of oil importing countries? Answer: Introduction: Todays world economy is facing a critical problem of falling oil prices that significantly increases the aggregate supply of oil importing nations. The price of oil had been stable from 2010, but it has decreased enormously since June 2014 due to the weaker demand for the oil in the market. This demand shock automatically declines the price of oil in the market. Besides the factor of weaker demand for oil, there are many factors responsible for the drop in the oil price in the market. The rise of the US economy as a producer of shale oil has affected the total demand for oil in the market. The Organization of the Petroleum Countries, an intergovernmental organization, aimed to secure oil prices in the world market since 1960. They have substantial oil resources, so they produce oil at a low cost of production which is a main raw material of any large scale industry. They export oil to those countries that have an insufficient amount of natural resources. With the help of imported oil, these oil importing nations (like UK) can build industries where oil is used as a main raw material. So the cost of production of industries in UK depends on the price of oil, transportation cost, etc. The cost structure of UK totally depends on the price of oil in the world market (Asian Development Bank, 2015). Now the price of oil has decreased by more than 35% since June and now the price of the oil is $70 per barrel which was $115 per barrel during mid-2014. The price of crude oil is set up in the market depending on the positions of demand and supply of the oil. It is found that UK inflation has fallen to 1.2% due to this falling oil price (Breunig and Chia, 2014). Reasons behind the falling oil prices: The main reason for the shortfall in the oil price is the growing demand for the alternative fuel sources. Investment in the renewable energy is increasing rapidly than the fossil fuel sources as these energy resources are more eco-friendly and less expensive. So the demand for the petroleum oil decreases. Another important reason behind the falling prices is the rise of the US economy as the major oil producer though they are not the exporter of oil, but they reduce the demand for the oil drastically. So it is argued by some economists that Saudi Arabia, worlds greatest oil producer, ride out decreased prices to avoid losing consumers to their competitor. It is a strategy to maintain the market share in the world. Saudi Arabia, the largest oil supplier, is expected to absorb the negative impacts of the declined oil price as it has a huge amount of resources. It has accumulated more than US $ 650 billion as foreign reserves, so its production cost is low (iMFdirect - The IMF Blog, 20 14). The production cost of shale oil is comparatively expensive, so if the price of oil is low, then it will affect the profit of the US oil producers. Some of the OPEC countries like Venezuela do not support this strategy followed by Saudi Arabia, and they cut down their production of oil in the market (Li et al. 2014). Some of the Asian countries are facing economic downturn due to the recession, so their lower demand has a negative effect on the production of the oil. Demand for oil is also affected by the impact of strong US dollar as oil is exported and imported in US dollars across the world. It makes the oil more expensive for the other countries. This pulls the demand down and a price of oil decreases (Stlouisfed.org, 2015). The supply of the substitutes of the oil increases because of the rising importance of the renewable resources. This affects the price of the oil in the market as oil is produced from non-renewable resources. The Impact on the AS curve of Importing countries: Falling energy price has effects on the productivity of both labour and capital of an economy. So the factor productivity increases for this reason that has posivitive effects on an economy. The total production increases with increase in income. As a result, aggregate supply of that economy increases as a result people of that country now have more products to consume (Husain et al. 2015). Again oil importing countries import more oil at a lower price and so the cost of production of some industries where oil is used as a major input, falls. So these industries are now ready to supply more output in the market. As a result, he aggregates supply of oil importing country increases with the fall in the production cost (Allen, 2015). As total supply in the market increases there is an excess supply in that economy at the existing price level p1. So to meet the excess supply price level has to be decreased in the market (Creti, Ftiti and Guesmi, 2014). As a result inflation also decreases in that economy. Figure 2: An impact on the aggregate supply curve of an Economy In the above figure AD1 is the aggregate demand of an oil-importing economy (UK) and AS1 is the aggregate supply of an economy that increases to AS2 after falling in oil price. So the price level decreases to p2 from p1 and real output increases from q1 to q2. This causes lower inflation and higher cost of living in the economy. So oil importers gets benefits from this falling price as the value of imports declined and this eventually decreases the current account deficits of these nations. UK is now a small importer of petroleum oil so this has low effects on the current account of UK. GDP of UK economy is growing ate a rate of 2.9% that is more than expected on last November.In oil importing countries, falling oil price can reduce the expected inflation rate below the targeted level.Before 1980, it is found that there is a positive correlation between inflation and price fluctuations but this impact of oil price fluctuation on inflation has declined over the years (Ozdemir and Akgul, 2015). Impact on other macroeconomic factors of the oil importing countries: Oil importing countries get benefits from this shock in the market as now it is profitable to import more at a lower price. This has the significant impact on the reduction of business costs and transport costs (Worldbank.org, 2015). Reduction in oil price has macroeconomic impacts on the oil price importing nations as it reduces the cost of living of UK. So transport cost of oil and directly has fallen and leads to lower inflation rate in the economy. It affects the demand and supply of oil in the market, and lower price of oil reduces the cost of production of energy-intensive goods that are produced with the help of oil. This lower cost of production also leads to higher investment in the production (Geise and Piłatowska, 2015). So with stagnant monetary wages, the fall in oil price has the positive impact on the real wage (it is the monetary wage divided by price). So consumers of UK have more income to spend on other goods, and it is like a tax cut to them. So economists can say that a fall in the oil price effectively increase the spending and so as the real gross domestic product of the economy. Long Term Effects: The long-term picture is totally different from this present scenario of UK as well as oil importing countries. Inflation at a certain rate is healthy for an economy but if it decreases at a large pace, then productivity performance of an economy will decrease (Deflation, 2014). This deflation has serious effects on the future of the economy.This will raise the domestic risk of UK's economy. So low oil price may have positive effects in the short run, but it can not radically change the UK economy (Cashin et al. 2014). Conclusion: OPEC countries have the aim to stable the oil prices in the market since 1960. Since mid-2014, it is found that price of oil reduces more than 35% that increases the aggregate demand of oil importing countries. This situation brings more income, lower inflation and higher growth to some oil exporting countries. The main reasons behind the shortfall in the price are the rise of US economy as a producer of oil and the weaker demand for oil in the world market. So falling price has the a positive impact on the UK ( oil importing country)economy in the short run. Current account deficits of UK economy decreases and consumers enjoys increasing in real income, but this picture is different after some years. In the long run, there will be an increase in the domestic risk in the UK economy. So it can be concluded that falling oil price has both positive and negative effects on an economy. References Allen, K. (2015). Oil price fall will boost Britain's economic growth, says thinktank. [online] the Guardian. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/business/2015/feb/10/oil-price-fall-boost-britain-economic-growth-niesr-gdp [Accessed 27 Jul. 2015]. Asian Development Bank, (2015). Falling Oil Prices in Asia and the Pacific: Potential Gains for Importers, Opportunities for Exporters. [online] Available at: https://www.adb.org/news/features/falling-oil-prices-asia-and-pacific-potential-gains-importers-opportunities-exporters [Accessed 27 Jul. 2015]. Breunig, R. and Chia, T. (2014). Sovereign Ratings and Oil-Exporting Countries: The Effect of High Oil Prices on Ratings. International Review of Finance, 15(1), pp.113-138. Cashin, P., Mohaddes, K., Raissi, M., and Raissi, M. (2014). The differential effects of oil demand and supply shocks on the global economy.Energy Economics,44, 113-134. Creti, A., Ftiti, Z., and Guesmi, K. (2014). Oil price and financial markets in the main OPEC countries.Energy Studies Review,20(3). Deflation, T. (2014). The Economic Consequences of Global Oil Deflation. [online] www.counterpunch.org. Available at: https://www.counterpunch.org/2014/12/08/the-economic-consequences-of-global-oil-deflation/ [Accessed 27 Jul. 2015]. Geise, A. and Piatowska, M. (2015). Oil Prices, Production and Inflation in the Selected EU Countries: Threshold Cointegration Approach. DEM, 14, p.71. Husain, M. A. M., Arezki, M. R., Breuer, M. P., Haksar, M. V., Helbling, M. T., Medas, P. A., Sommer, M. (2015).Global Implications of Lower Oil Prices(No. 15). International Monetary Fund. iMFdirect - The IMF Blog, (2014). Seven Questions About The Recent Oil Price Slump. [online] Available at: https://blog-imfdirect.imf.org/2014/12/22/seven-questions-about-the-recent-oil-price-slump/ [Accessed 27 Jul. 2015]. Li, J., Tang, L., Sun, X., and Wu, D. (2014). Oil-importing optimal decision considering country risk with extreme events: A multi-objective programming approach.Computers Operations Research,42, 108-115. Ozdemir, S. and Akgul, I. (2015). Inflationary effects of oil prices and domestic gasoline prices: Markov-switching-VAR analysis. Petroleum Science, 12(2), pp.355-365. Stlouisfed.org, (2015). How Much Do Oil Prices Affect Inflation?. [online] Available at: https://www.stlouisfed.org/on-the-economy/2015/may/how-much-do-oil-prices-affect-inflation [Accessed 27 Jul. 2015]. Worldbank.org, (2015). Most Developing Countries Will Benefit from Oil Price Slump, Says World Bank Group. [online] Available at: https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2015/01/07/most-developing-countries-benefit-oil-price-slump-world-bank-group [Accessed 27 Jul. 2015].

Effects of Pretrial Publicity free essay sample

Pretrial Publicity allows for the media to put out information about a person on trial before the case even takes place. This type of publicity can be very effective, but it can also be an invasion of personal rights. In the case of pretrial publicity there are conflicting rights such as freedom of press and the right to a fair trial. These rights are essentially equal, but does the freedom of press impose on the right to a fair trial? Jurors are people from the public, who are not to have any prior knowledge of a trail, but when the media decides to cover a case before the trial even takes place hen the public already has preconceptions. These preconceptions can influence the public and make it hard to find reliable Jurors that are not already emotionally invested in the case. For example, pretrial publicity was at play a lot in the case of Casey Anthony, who was accused of murdering her daughter. Casey Anthony was bombarded by the media long before her trial began. The public instantly developed their own opinions on this case because it involved the murder of a two year old child. The media chose to cover this case immensely, such as when Headline News anchor Nancy Grace took on the Casey Anthony trial as a personal cause to see Justice done for a murdered child. And sometimes there is no apparent reason other than a slow news day for a case to suddenly attract great media attention (7). When cases like the Casey Anthony one, are on the news and in the papers every single day for a very long period of time it is hard to believe that a reliable Jury could be found. It seems perfectly okay that these trials are constantly followed because of freedom of press, but then the amount of people that can be art of the Jury are limited. Just like everyone else, Casey Anthony deserved a fair trial, one in which the Jurors were not influenced by the press that already surrounded the case before the trial even happened. In order to find Jurors who are unbiased, a questionnaire could be administered or the location of the trial could be changed. Does either of these actually eliminate the effects of pretrial publicity? In the instance of the Casey Anthony case, the trial was moved from Florida to Ohio. It seems that the public of Ohio would not be as partial as the people in Florida but who is to say that the people in Ohio are unbiased? The news is shown throughout the entire country, in every state, on every news station. Changing the location of a trial may lessen the effects of pretrial publicity, but it will not solve the issue completely. As far as a questionnaire goes, a Juror might lie and say that, he/ she can set aside any prejudicial information learned from Journalists before the case even began but Jurors assurances are not necessarily believable when pretrial publicity is intense and widespread (Strandler, 17). The first amendment seems to verride the right to a fair trial at times and it is because the media has so much to relate to the public. The media can be extremely powerful and influential, especially during times of huge trials. The media knows the public wants as much information as the media can give them. The media wants to do their Job, attracting more viewers to television programs and selling more newspapers. Not only does this affect the people of the public, who have the potential to be in the Jury, but it also attects the Judges. High Profile trials are the cases that cause the most difficulty tor udges, as well as lawyers. Another example of a case effected by pretrial publicity is the 0. 1. Simpson trial. This was about the famous football player who was arrested for the murder of his ex-wife and her boyfriend. Not only was the Simpson trial the most heavily covered legal case of all time, it may have been the most widely cover media event ever (Bruschke, 2) The Simpson trial began in January 1995, and then was finally given to the Jury towards the end of September in 1995. This trial got so much attention, CNBC network had a television program every weekday night of a anel discussing the ins and outs of the case. The Judge felt that because of the amount of media attention the Jurors were sequestered. This means to be separate or apart from the world, this is quite common in high profile criminal prosecution cases. The Jurors are sent to stay in a hotel room without access to news media and the public, and they are only allowed to see their families under tight supervision. As far as the Simpson trial goes, the Jurors were sequestered for 265 days. The Judge of the case, Supreme Court Judge Lance to, said We will try to make this something ess than . an experience of incarceration, but it wont be a picnic. The Jurors took four hours to deliberate till reaching their decision. It can be said that this was indeed a fair trial; however, extensive measures did have to be taken because of the media. There are different degrees of information that is presented which makes it hard to distinguish that line between news reporting and entertainment, or also fiction and reality. What occurs in the courtroom and what the public hears is the different sides in which this line is met. There are a number of cases in history here convictions were thrown out in the court room due to extensive pretrial publicity which have cause people to try and control that publicity. However, how do you measure extensive publicity? Journalists have a Job, and that is to deliver the information the public wants. That is why pretrial publicity is important to some people, it gives many a better understanding of our Judicial system. The only defense mechanism that could be used is, is that coverage over cases are not evenly distributed, only certain cases are put into the media light. Those trials that catch the ttention of the public take on an important role simply because they spark a interest in the people and create this public opinion. A good point is that Although there could be much discussion on social science in the courtroom, there is little doubt that pretrial publicity questions turn on empirical knowledge (Bruschke, 8). Whether this publicity is creating a mindset for Jurors or not, this legal debate divides opinion on how research in the courtroom should be evaluated. The evolution of media in society, as well as social media, has effected out Judicial system. Laws have been passed such as the U. S. Supreme Courts decision in the Sheppard vs. Maxwell trial in 1966. Sheppard convictions were dismissed due to the fact that pretrial publicity had been precluded. It is instructed that Judges control their court room and make sure that pretrial publicity does not affect the outcome of a case. With the way technology is changing, this rapid spread of information may evolve even more. Till then Courts have found a may to control the media publicity effects with in the courtroom in respect towards the First and Sixth Amendment.

The Lemon Review Essay Example

The Lemon Review Paper Essay on The Lemon Kaji Motodziro lived only 31 years, but was able to leave a memory of himself for centuries. During his lifetime he was not very popular, was published in the literary magazine Aodzora and released a single collection of short stories Lemon. Fame came to him after death. In every Japanese school at lessons of the literature study its unusual stories, of which there are now three volumes. Love of literature to his mother instilled still reading his book in the evenings. Natsume Soseki became a favorite author for him, which he considered a genius. All events occurring in the lives of Kaji served as the basis for his stories. No matter what is the name of the protagonist, all the works are autobiographical and reflects one facet of his life. One of the first stories he wrote fell in love with the girl he had seen several times in the train on the way to the University And the collection of stories Lemon. this is the life of the Kaji. Seven years of the writers life, where we see him struggling with the disease, gradually extinguished. At the age of 20 years at the Kaji I discover tuberculosis, but he did not give up and continues to create. The collection contains stories starting with lemon and ending with Easy sick. In Kaji unusual prose, it seems that you read poetry. He manages to show ordinary things, objects around us in a different light so that they look remarkably fresh and bright. I wonder that earlier he did not notice. While reading, you are immersed in the life of a young writer, in his feelings, hopes and dreams. You will visit his relatives in various provinces, where Kaji is being treated, go to the theater with his family and take to the mountain, smeared with mud, but remains fairly. This unusual life will not leave you indifferent. We will write a custom essay sample on The Lemon Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Lemon Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Lemon Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The devotion to literature and art Kaji Motodziro deserves respect.

Development of the Colonies essays

Development of the Colonies essays With the Middle Ages in its prime years, Europe remained a fairly unadventurous civilization from 500-1500 A.D. With subsistence farming prevailing and commerce being limited, merchants keep their affairs fairly domestic, failing to consider their international capabilities. But as Europe gradually became more mercantilistic and religious discontent raged, Europeans were motivated to migrate to America and colonize lands in the New World. Despite the fact that the regions of New England and Chesapeake were both colonized by settlers of English origin, by 1700 these lands had developed into two very idiosyncratic civilizations, each one having characteristics unique unto itself. The Chesapeake region, comprised of Jamestown and Maryland, was settled mainly by poor people who needed jobs and were in search of a better life. From the start, problems arose in the Chesapeake region settlements, such as land that was not easy to cultivate- a formidable challenge. Because of their experience in Ireland, the English kept the societies of the natives and that of the settlers separated. The settlements of the Chesapeake region were business enterprises, which were financed by private companies that expected to make a profit off of them. These factors just mentioned would be the backbone of life in the Chesapeake region, forming the basis around which the settlement would develop. The majority of the people bound for Jamestown were young men, some of which were in search of money; others were simply looking for a better life (Doc. C). With money being one of the major goals of the settlers of Jamestown, John Smith observed that many of the settlers of Jamestow n were so obsessed with getting rich off of the voyage that all they could do was think about, talk about, and work for gold. He himself called it disgustful (Doc. F). Along with these men came Captain John Smith, who founded the settlement of Jamestown in 1607....

(Philosophy) Comparison Book Review between Hollis & Rosenberg (SEE Essay

(Philosophy) Comparison Book Review between Hollis & Rosenberg (SEE BELOW description) - Essay Example In the actual perspective, social change are varies in nature where manifesting as an act of advocacy, a sort of event or action, a social behavior, and others which all promote a change in the present or the normative state of the social condition. In the history of the development of the society, several social changes have already transformed the development of the social structure and their development course. In the past, some examples of social changes in the past are the use of contraception particularly birth control pills as related to the population and marital realm in the society, the electoral system development incorporating women as the result of the female suffragist’s action for equality, and the acceptance of the concept of homosexuality in the social structure. These social changes have caused the development of the present social community to their contemporary state in the modern period. In the present, several social change issues are still influence the social behavior of the population namely the information technology structure which it now integrating their influence in the respective lives of the people. This in turn, has caused their presence to become a significant factor in the present state of modernity of the present social culture transforming the present society to become dependent upon the technology for their daily needs and activities. Poverty in the present is an economic and cultural concept that is mainly defined as the level of income of a certain individual or a group of people within a society that relates to the ability and purchasing power in acquiring the valuable things that are considered necessities for a normal living. This concept mainly becomes a sociological and cultural concept because it is significantly affected by the inequality in the economic distribution of income in the society. In defining and measuring the poverty concept within the society, one must both incorporate the aspect